Lyalko S

Diplomacy

International Relations – is the branch of political science that is concerned with the foreign affairs and relations among countries.

Diplomacy is the art or practice of conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances, treaties, and agreements.

Diplomacy is the means of conducting negotiations between nations. Some scholars today also apply the term to the strategies and tactics nations use when they negotiate. In this sense, diplomacy involves formulating the policies that nations follow to influence other nations. When diplomacy fails during a major crisis, war often occurs.

Traditionally, however, diplomacy referred to the formal practice that most nations follow of sending representatives to live in other countries. These diplomats help carry on day-to-day relationships between their country and the country where they serve. They work to gain political or economic advantages for their country and to promote international cooperation.

Diplomatic representatives observe strict rules about rank and importance. The highest rank is ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, followed by envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, minister resident, minister-counsellor, counselor of embassy, secretary of embassy, and attaché. Most large nations send ambassadors to each other, and to many smaller nations. Smaller countries sometimes send and receive diplomats of lower rank. Most governments also send consuls to handle international business.

Each nation handles its diplomatic affairs through a foreign office. In the United States, the office that handles foreign relations is the Department of State.

Diplomatic duties. Diplomatic officers abroad are the accredited spokespersons for their governments. They gather information on everything of value to their governments and transmit it in formal reports, usually in code. Diplomatic officers also protect the rights of fellow citizens who are abroad.

Diplomats maintain their headquarters in an embassy or legation. The only difference between an embassy and a legation is the rank of the diplomat in charge. An ambassador heads an embassy, and a minister heads a legation. A diplomat's staff may include attachés and other special advisers who report on economic, political, and social conditions.

Diplomatic immunity. Diplomats enjoy several important privileges and immunities while serving abroad. These privileges arise partly because diplomats are the direct representatives of sovereign powers. Just as important, diplomats must have complete independence of action to perform their duties. A diplomat's privileges are based on the principle of extraterritoriality. This principle, used in international law, includes the guarantee that people living in foreign countries remain under the authority of their own governments.

Four important diplomatic privileges and immunities are:

1. Diplomats cannot be arrested for any reason. Their families usually share this exemption.

2. Their residences, papers, and effects cannot be searched or seized.

3. Their personal belongings cannot be taxed by the country in which they serve.

4. Diplomats, their families, and their staffs enjoy complete freedom of worship.

History.Nations have not always used diplomacy to settle international problems. The ancient Romans used diplomatic representatives only for special purposes. But as relations among countries grew more complex, many nations found that they needed permanent representatives in other countries. Embassies first appeared in Italy during the 1200's and 1300's. At that time, they served as headquarters for spies and espionage agents, as well as for diplomats. Many historians believe that Cardinal Richelieu of France started the system of resident representatives during the 1600's.

Through the years, formal diplomatic procedures have changed in various ways. Beginning in the 1950's, for example, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles became the first major diplomat to engage in extensive personal diplomacy around the world. Dulles often bypassed the appointed ambassadors in the countries he visited.

In the early 1970's, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger further enhanced this practice when he engaged in shuttle diplomacy. He traveled back and forth among the major capitals of the Middle East in an attempt to solve an ongoing conflict there. Even heads of governments sometimes feel they need personal conferences with leaders of other governments at summit meetings.

Some scholars argue that diplomatic representatives are unnecessary today because of the ease of high-level exchanges and long-distance communication. But ongoing personal diplomatic contact has many advantages. Diplomats take great care to make friends with government officials and influential citizens. When they present a formal proposal, they can count on these friendships to help them. Diplomats also can test reaction to ideas their governments are considering by talking with acquaintances.

2. Study the following phrases. Recall the sentences in which they are used in the text. Use them when retelling the unit.

a) alliance [q'laIqns] (альянс, союз) = 1.a. A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance common interests or causes: an alliance of labor unions opposing the bill. b. A formal agreement establishing such an association, especially an international treaty of friendship. 2. A connection based on kinship, marriage, or common interest; a bond or tie: the shifting alliances within a large family. 3.Close similarity in nature or type; affinity(спорідненість): the ancient alliance between mathematics and music.

b) treaty ['tri:tI] (договір) = 1. a. A formal agreement between two or more states, as in reference to terms of peace or trade. b. The document in which such an agreement is set down. 2.A contract or an agreement. 3.Obsolete (['Pbsqli:t] застарілий, невживаний "вышедший из употребления"; маловживаний). a. Negotiation for the purpose of reaching an agreement. b. An entreaty(благання).

c) means [mi:nz] (засіб) = (used with a sing. or pl. form) A method, a course of action, or an instrument by which an act can be accomplished or an end achieved.

d) to occur [q'kE:] (траплятися, відбуватися) = 1.To take place; to come about. To happen, to chance. 2. To be found to exist or appear: Heavy rains occur during a summer monsoon. 3. To come to mind: The idea never occurred to me.

e) diplomat ['dIplqmxt] (дипломат) = 1. One, such as an ambassador, who has been appointed to represent a government in its relations with other governments. 2. One who uses skill and tact in dealing with others.

f) to carry on ['kxrI'Pn] (продовжувати робити; займатись чимось) = 1. To conduct; maintain: carry on a thriving (= процвітаючий) business. 2.To engage in: carry on a love affair. 3. To continue without halting; persevere: carry on in the face of disaster.

g) rank [rxNk] (звання; чин; гідність; посада (dignity), службове положення; ранг ) = a. A relative position in a society. b. An official position or grade: the rank of sergeant. c. A relative position or degree of value in a graded group. d. High or eminent station or position: persons of rank.

h) plenipotentiary ["plenIpq'tenS(q)rI] (повноважний представник; уповноважений) = adjective. Invested with or conferring full powers: a plenipotentiary deputy. noun. plural = plenipotentiaries. A diplomatic agent, such as an ambassador, fully authorized to represent his or her government.

i) envoy ['envOI] (1) посланник; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary – надзвичайний посланник та повноважний міністр 2) (головний) дипломатичний представник (посол, посланник); temporary envoy – тимчасовий представник) = 1. A representative of a government who is sent on a special diplomatic mission. 2.A minister plenipotentiary assigned to a foreign embassy, ranking next below the ambassador. 3. A messenger; an agent.

j) minister resident (resident-minister) ['rezId(q)nt"mInIstq] (міністр-резидент) = A diplomatic agent ranking below a minister plenipotentiary.

k) counsel(l)or of embassy ['kaVns(q)lq qv 'embqsI] – радник амбасади (посольства)

l) attaché [q'txSeI] (аташе) = A person officially assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission to serve in a particular capacity: a cultural attaché; a military attaché.

m) consul ['kPns(q)l] (консул) = An official appointed by a government to reside in a foreign country and represent his or her government's commercial interests and assist its citizens there.

n) ambassador [xm'bxsqdq] (посол; постійний представник (держави) при міжнародній організації) = 1. A diplomatic official of the highest rank appointed and accredited as representative in residence by one government or sovereign to another, usually for a specific length of time. 2. A diplomatic official heading his or her country's permanent mission to certain international organizations, such as the United Nations. 3. An authorized messenger or representative. 4. An unofficial representative: ambassadors of good will.

o) legation [lI'geIS(q)n] (дип.місія; дипломатичне представництво, очолюване посланником) = a. A diplomatic mission in a foreign country ranking below an embassy. b. The diplomatic minister and staff of such a mission. c. The premises occupied by such a mission.

p) staff [stQ:f] (персонал, особовий склад (рос.личный состав), співробітники) = a. A group of assistants to a manager, an executive, or another person in authority. b. A group of military officers assigned to assist a commanding officer in an executive or advisory capacity. c. The personnel who carry out a specific enterprise: the nursing staff of a hospital.

q) privilege ['prIvIlIdZ] (привілей; перевага) = a. A special advantage, immunity, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, a class, or a caste. b. Such an advantage, an immunity, or a right held as a prerogative of status or rank, and exercised to the exclusion or detriment of others.

r) immunity [I'mju:nItI] (from, against) (юр. недоторканість, імунітет, непідсудність) = Law. a. Exemption from normal legal duties, penalties, or liabilities, granted to a special group of people: legislative immunity. b. Exemption from legal prosecution, often granted a witness in exchange for self-incriminating testimony.

s) extraterritoriality ["ekstrq"terItO:rI'xlItI] (екстериторіальність) = also exterritoriality, in law, system whereby the jurisdiction and laws of one sovereign nation extend over the territory of another, under a treaty granting such rights. In general, extraterritorial jurisdiction is most frequently exercised by consuls and diplomatic agents in specific countries, who, in addition to their ordinary consular duties, are vested with judicial powers.

The term extraterritoriality is sometimes defined as the immunity from the laws of a nation enjoyed by sovereigns and diplomatic representatives. Such immunity has been extended to armies in permitted transit and to warships. Extraterritorial rights may be surrendered by treaty, abolished by the annexation of the country granting extraterritorial rights to a country not granting such rights, or abolished by voluntary renunciation on the part of the country enjoying such rights.

t) effects [I'fekts] ( pl. майно, власність) = Movable belongings; goods.

u) to be taxed [txks] (оподатковувати; піддавати обкладенню (податком) = to make a contribution for the support of a government required of persons, groups, or businesses within the domain (володіння,територія) of that government.

v) espionage ['espIqnQ:Z] (шпигунство) = The act or practice of spying or of using spies to obtain secret information, as about another government or a business competitor.

w) to enhance [In'hQ:ns] (збільшувати, розвивати, підсилювати, посилювати) =To make greater, as in value, beauty, or reputation; to emphasize,to heighten, aggravate, intensify, strengthen, deepen.

x) shuttle diplomacy ["SAtldI'plqVmqsI] (політ.човникова дипломатія) = Diplomatic negotiations conducted by an official intermediary who travels frequently between the nations involved.

y) ongoing ['Pn"gqVIN] (1) безперервний, постійний ; ongoing process – поступальний процес; ongoing conflict – безперервний конфлікт; 2) той, що відбувається зараз) = 1. Currently taking place: an ongoing festival. 2. In progress or evolving.

z) summit ['sAmIt] (зустріч в верхах; самміт; нарада або зустріч на вищому рівні) = a. The highest level, as of government officials. b. A summit conference.

3. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Use them in sentences of your own and situations from the text:

застосовувати термін
коли дипломатія потерпає невдачу
відноситись до формальної практики
добиватися (досягти) переваги
дотримуватись (слідувати) чітких (визначених) правил
надзвичайний та повноважний посол
надзвичайний посланник і повноважний міністр
міністр-радник
займатися міжнародним бізнесом
міністерство іноземних(зовнішних) справ
уповноважені представники
за кордоном
захищати права співвітчизників
утримувати штаб-квартиру
ранг відповідального дипломата
особовий склад
користуватися привілеями та імунітетом
верховна влада
поділяти привілеї (користуватися тими ж привілеями)
користуватись повною свободою віросповідання
владнати міжнародні проблеми
постійні представники
займатися (бути залученим до..) обширною особистою дипломатією
обминати (уникати, ігнорувати) призначених представників
човникова дипломатія
розраховувати на когось(щось)

4. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

to apply the term
when diplomacy fails
to refer to the formal practice
to promote international cooperation
to gain political or economic advantages
to observe strict rules
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
to handle international business
foreign office
accredited spokespersons
to transmit information in code
to protect the rights of fellow citizens
to maintain one’s headquarters
the rank of the diplomat in charge
to enjoy privileges and immunities
sovereign power
the principle of extraterritoriality
to share the exemption [tq Seq DI Ig'zempS(q)n]
to enjoy complete freedom of worship ['wE:SIp]
to settle international problems
permanent representatives
to engage(to be engaged) in extensive personal diplomacy
shuttle diplomacy
back and forth
acquaintance [q'kweIntqns]

5. Finish the chain of synonyms with the word(s) from the unit:

to get ----- to score ----- to win ----- ?
to keep up ----- to attend to ----- to observe ----- ?
to develop ----- to advance ----- to expand ----- ?
to conduct ----- to bring along ----- to manage ----- ?
to pass along ----- to send ----- to carry over ----- ?
compatriot ----- countryman ----- paisano [paI'sQ:nqV] ----- kith [kIT] ----- clansman ['klxnzmqn] ----- ?
to hold ----- to sustain ----- to support ----- ?
to be on duty ---- to be in charge ---- to be responsible ---- ?
to originate ----- to appear ----- to emerge ----- ?
to snatch ----- to confiscate ----- to capture ----- ?
to toll ----- to rent ----- to impose a fine ----- ?
to evade ----- to ignore ----- to avoid ----- ?
hither and thither ----- to and fro ["tVqn(d)'frqV] ------ up and down ----- in-and-out ----- to go seesaw ['si:sO:] ----- ?
to take into account ----- to regard ----- to deem ----- to presume -----to suppose --- to esteem --- to fancy --- to figure --- ?

6. Fill in omitted words.

Diplomacy is the art or ………… of conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances, ……………., and agreements.
When diplomacy …………during a major crisis, war often ………..

c) In the United States, the office that …………. foreign relations is the ………………………. of State.
d) Diplomatic officers abroad gather information on everything of ………. to their governments and transmit it in ………….. reports, usually in …………..
e) Diplomats must have complete ……………………… of action to …………………… their duties.
f) Diplomats cannot be ……………………….. for any reason.
g) Many nations ……………. that they needed ……………………… representatives in other countries.
h) Diplomats take great ………….. to make friends with government officials and ……………………. citizens.
7. Look through these sentences attentively and correct contextual and grammar mistakes if any:
a) Diplomacy is the means of having been conducted negotiations between nations.
b) Many historians believe that Zbigniew Brzezinski started the system of resident representatives during the 1900's.
c) Diplomatic officers also protects the rights of fellow citizens who are abroad.
d) A diplomat's privileges are based on the principle of extraterritoriality.
e) An ambassador heads Department of the Treasury, and a minister heads a legations.
f) In the early 1970's, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger hasn’t traveled by the Middle East too.
g) The only difference between an embassy and a legation is the age of the diplomat in charge.
h) Embassies first appeared in the USA in 1870-s.
8. Make up a plan of the text in the form of statements (5 points).
9. Choose the exact meaning (even more than one) of the underlined word in each sentence from the suggested variants (a, b, c, d).
I. Some scholars today also apply the term "diplomacy" to the strategies and tactics nations use when they negotiate.
a) to administer b) to use c) to employ d) utilize ['ju:tIlaIz]
II. In this sense, diplomacy involves formulating the policies that nations follow to influence other nations.
a) to imply b) to include c) to imagine d) to correspond
III. Diplomats help carry on day-to-day relationships between their country and the country where they serve.
a) casual b) routine c) vital ['vaItl] d) accidental
IV. Diplomatic representatives observe strict rules about rank and importance.
a) precise b) cruel c) exact d) oppressive
V. Each nation handles its diplomatic affairs through a foreign office.
a) to navigate b) to control c) to develop d) to examine
VI. Diplomats enjoy several important privileges and immunities while serving abroad.
a) to adore b) to relish ['relIS] c) to command d) to indulge
VII. Their residences, papers, and effects cannot be searched or seized.
a) to conceive b) to pursue [pq'sju:] c) to capture d) to buy
VIII.But as relations among countries grew more complex, many nations found that they needed permanent representatives in other countries.
a) constant b) resident c) stiff d) motionless
IX. But ongoing personal diplomatic contact has many advantages.
a) benefit b) accomplishment c) fault d) ambition
X. Diplomats take great care to make friends with government officials and influential citizens.
a) to attend to b) to heed c) to allow d) to ratify
10. Retell the text:
a) in detail 'b) in brief

11. Match the words on the left with the suitable collocations on the right.

1)___Permanent representatives	a) heads an embassy.
2)___Diplomacy	b) the guarantee that people living in foreign countries remain under the authority of their own governments.
3)___Ambassador	c) resident representatives
4)___Minister	d) started the system of resident representatives.
5)___Principle of extraterritoriality	e) strategies and tactics nations use when they negotiate.
6)___Cardinal Richelieu	f) heads a legation.
7)___John Foster Dulles	g) is known to have enhanced the practice of shuttle diplomacy.
8)___Henry Kissinger	h) often bypassed the appointed ambassadors in the countries he visited.

12. Answer the following questions:

What does the term "diplomacy" mean ?
What are the after-effects of diplomacy failure ?
What does the diplomats practice involve ?
What is the ranking subdivision in diplomacy ?
Why are special advisors included in a diplomat's staff ?
In what way can principle of extraterritoriality be explained ?
Cite the instances of diplomatic privileges and immunities.
Who is considered to have started the system of resident

representatives in Europe ?

Who is said to be a father of shuttle diplomacy?
What is the reason of shuttle diplomacy?
Are diplomatic representatives vital to intercommunication between the nations? Why or why not? Prove it by examples.

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