Lyalko S

2. Study the following phrases. Recall the sentences in which they are used in the text. Use them when retelling the unit.

comparative [kqm'pxrqtIv] (порівняльний) = 1. Relating to, based on, or involving comparison. 2. Estimated by comparison; relative: a comparative newcomer. 3. Grammar. Of, relating to, or being the intermediate degree of comparison of adjectives, as better, sweeter, or more wonderful, or adverbs, as more softly. 4. Linguistics. a. Of or relating to the synchronic typological comparison of languages. b. Of or relating to the comparison of languages descended from a common ancestor: comparative historical linguistics.
essential [I'senS(q)l] (істотний, суттєвий) = 1.Something fundamental. 2. Something necessary or indispensable.

с) explore [Ik'splO:] (дослідити, з’ясовувати, вивчати) = verb, transitive 1.To investigate systematically; examine: explore every possibility. 2. To search into or travel in for the purpose of discovery: exploring outer space. 3. Medicine. To examine for diagnostic purposes. verb, intransitive To make a careful examination or search: scientists who have been known to explore in this region of the earth.
d) verified facts ['verIfaId fxkts] (справжні, перевірені факти) to verify = 1.To prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony; substantiate. 2. To determine or test the truth or accuracy of, as by comparison, investigation, or reference: conducted experiments to verify the hypothesis. See synonyms at confirm. 3. Law. a. To affirm formally or under oath. b. To append a verification to (a pleading); conclude with a verification.
e) generalization ["dZen(q)rqlaI'zeIS(q)n] (узагальнення, загальне правило) = 1. The act or an instance of generalizing. 2. A principle, a statement, or an idea having general application.
Synonyms: correlation, general conclusion; reasoning.
f) representative government (представительное правление, представницький уряд) = a. the members of a governmental body, usually legislative, chosen by popular vote. b. members of the U.S. House of Representatives or of the lower house of a state legislature.
g ) emphasis ['emfqsIs] (наголос) = 1.Special forcefulness of expression that gives importance to something singled out; stress: a lecture on housekeeping with emphasis on neatness; paused for emphasis, then announced the winner's name. 2. Special attention or effort directed toward something: a small-town newspaper's emphasis on local affairs. 3. Prominence given to a syllable, word, or words, as by raising the voice or printing in italic type.
Synonyms: emphasis, accent, stress. The central meaning shared by these nouns is "special weight placed on something considered important": laid a strong emphasis on the study of foreign languages; opposition to nuclear power plants, with the accent on total elimination; lay heavy stress on law and order.
h) effect [I'fekt] (вплив, результат, наслідок) = 1.Something brought about by a cause or an agent; a result. 2. The power to produce an outcome or achieve a result; influence: The drug had an immediate effect on the pain. The government's action had no effect on the trade imbalance. 3. A scientific law, hypothesis, or phenomenon: the photovoltaic effect. 4. Advantage; avail: used her words to great effect in influencing the jury. 5. The condition of being in full force or execution: a new regulation that goes into effect tomorrow. 6. a. Something that produces a specific impression or supports a general design or intention: The lighting effects emphasized the harsh atmosphere of the drama. b. A particular impression: large windows that gave an effect of spaciousness. c. Production of a desired impression: spent lavishly on dinner just for effect. 7. The basic or general meaning; import: He said he was greatly worried, or words to that effect. 8. effects Movable belongings; goods.
to effect = 1. To bring into existence. 2. To produce as a result. 3. To bring about. — idiom. in effect In essence; to all purposes: testimony that in effect contradicted her earlier statement.
Synonyms: effect, consequence, result, outcome, upshot, sequel. These nouns denote something, such as an occurrence, a situation, or a condition, that is brought about by a cause. An effect is produced by the action of an agent or a cause and follows it in time: "Every cause produces more than one effect" (Herbert Spencer). A consequence also follows a cause and is traceable to it, but the relationship between them is less sharply definable: "Servitude is at once the consequence of his crime and the punishment of his guilt" (John P. Curran). A result is an effect, or the last in a series of effects, that is viewed as the end product of the operation of the cause: "Judging from the results I have seen I cannot say that I agree with you" (William H. Mallock). An outcome is a result but more strongly than result implies finality and may suggest the operation of a cause over a relatively long period: If you had refused, the outcome would probably not have been very different. An upshot is a decisive result, often of the nature of a climax: "The upshot of the matter was that she showed both of them the door" (Robert Louis Stevenson). A sequel is a consequence that ensues after a lapse of time: "Our dreams are the sequel of our waking knowledge" (Ralph Waldo Emerson).
i) pressure ['preSq] (економічний тиск) = 1.The application of continuous force by one body on another that it is touching; compression. 2. A compelling or constraining influence, such as a moral force, on the mind or will: pressure to conform; 3. Urgent claim or demand: under the pressure of business; doesn't work well under pressure. 4. An oppressive condition of physical, mental, social, or economic distress.
j) federal ['fed(q)rql] (федеральний) = 1. Of, relating to, or being a form of government in which a union of states recognizes the sovereignty of a central authority while retaining certain residual powers of government. 2. Of or constituting a form of government in which sovereign power is divided between a central authority and a number of constituent political units.
k) insight ['InsaIt] (здібність глибокого проникнення у суть справи)
1. The capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration.
2. The act or outcome of grasping the inward or hidden nature of things or of perceiving in an intuitive manner.
Synonyms: acumen ['xkjVmqn], flair, intelligence
l) complication ["kPmplI'keIS(q)n] (ускладнення) A confused or intricate= (заплутаний) relationship of parts.

hinder ['hIndq] (перешкоджати, заважати)

1. To be or get in the way of. 2. To obstruct or delay the progress of. 3.To interfere with action or progress.
Synonyms: hinder, hamper, impede, obstruct, block, dam, bar.
These verbs mean to slow or prevent progress or movement. To hinder is to hold back, as by delaying: The travelers were hindered by storms throughout their journey. Often the word implies stopping or prevention: What is to hinder you from trying? To hamper is to hinder by or as if by fastening or entangling: A suit and an overcoat hampered the efforts of the accident victim to swim to safety. She was hampered by ill health in building up her business. To impede is to slow by making action or movement difficult: "Sentiment and eloquence serve only to impede the pursuit of truth" (Macaulay). Obstruct implies the presence of obstacles that interfere with progress: A building under construction obstructs our view of the mountains. One of the mugger's accomplices tried to obstruct the police officer from upholding the law. Block refers to complete obstruction that prevents progress, passage, or action: A huge snowdrift is blocking the entrance to the driveway. "Do not block the way of inquiry" (Charles S. Peirce). Dam suggests obstruction of the flow, progress, or release of something, such as water or emotion: dammed the brook to form a swimming pool; dammed up his emotions. To bar is to prevent entry or exit or prohibit a course of action: mounted troops barring access to the presidential palace; laws that bar price fixing.

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