1.4 References
1. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision.
Report of the Task Force on Circumcision. Pediatrics 1989: 84: 388-391.
2. Baskin LS, Canning DA, Snyder HM III, Duckett JW.
Surgical repair of urethral circumcision injuries. J Urol 1997: 158: 2269-2271.
3. Baskin LS, Canning DA, Synder HM, Duckett JW.
Treating complications of circumcision. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996; 12: 62-68.
4. Cansever G.
Psychological effects of circumcision. Brit J Med Psychol 1965; 38: 321-331.
5. Christensen-Szalamski JJ, Boyce WT, Harrell H, Gardner MM.
Circumcision and informed consent. Is more always better? Med Care 1987; 25: 856-867.
6. Goepel M, P Rathert.
Leitlinie zur Phimose. Urologe A, 1998; 37: 664-665.
7. Griffiths DM, Atwell JD, Freeman NV.
A prospective study of the indications and morbidity of circumcision in children. Eur Urol 1985; 11:184-187.
8. Maxwell LG, Vaster M.
Analgesia for neonatal circumcision: no more studies, just do it [editorial comment]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153: 444-445.
9. Moses S, Bailey RC, Ronald AR.
Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74: 368-373.
10. Niku SD, Stock JA, Kaplan GW.
Neonatal circumcision. Urol Clin North Am 1995; 22: 57-65.
11. Preston EN.
Whither the foreskin? JAMA 1970; 213: 1853-1858.
12. Schoen EJ.
The status of circumcision of newborns. New Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1308-1312.
13. Schoen EJ.
Advantages and disadvantages of neonatal circumcision [letter]. JAMA 1997; 278: 201.
14. Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ.
The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. Br J Urol 1996; 77: 291-295.
15. To T, Agaha M, Dick PT, Feldman W.
Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary tract infection. Lancet 1998; 352: 1813-1816.
Upadhyay V, Hammodat HM, Pease PH. Post-circumcision meatal stenosis. N Z Med J 1998; 111: 57-58.
Van Howe RS.
Cost-effective treatment of phimosis. Pediatrics 1998; 102: E43.
18. Wallerstein E.
Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma. Urol Clin North Am 1985; 12: 123-132.
19. Williams N, Kapila L.
Complications of circumcision. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 1231-1236.
20. Wiswell ТЕ, Geschke DW.
Risks from circumcision during the first month of life compared with those for uncircumcised boys. Pediatrics 1989; 83: 1011-1015.
21. Wiswell ТЕ, Tencer HL, Welch CA, Chamberlain JL
Circumcision in children beyond the neonatal period. Pediatrics 1993; 92: 791-793.
2. CRYPTORCHIDISM
2.1 BACKGROUND
The incidence of maldescensus testis after the first year of life is 1.8-2%. A distinction is made between abdominal, inguinal or prescrotal testis retention and epifascial, femoral or penodorsal testis ectopy. Sliding and pendulous (retractile) testes are particular variations of cryptorchidism. Sliding testis with a too short spermatic cord relocates into its non-physiological position when pulled into the scrotum and then released. Pendulous (retractile) testis with hypertrophic cremaster muscle fibres is associated with an intermittent retraction of the usually orthotopic testis.
- 1. Phimosis
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Diagnosis
- 1.3 Treatment
- 1.4 References
- 2.2 Diagnosis
- 2.3 Treatment
- V Therapy
- 3.3 Treatment
- 3.3.1 Complications
- Tube-onlay
- 15. Duckett jw.
- 4.2 Classification
- 4.2.1 Enuresis
- 4.2.2 Urinary incontinence
- 4.3 Diagnosis
- 4.4 Treatment
- 4.4.1 Nocturnal enuresis (mono-symptomatic)
- 4.4.2 Diurnal enuresis (in children with attention disorders)
- 4.4.3 Urinary incontinence
- 4.4 References
- 14. Madersbacher h, Schultz-Lampel d.
- 5.2.2 Voiding cystourethrography (vcug)
- 5.2.3 Diuresis renography
- 5.2.4 Static renal scintigraphy
- 5.2.5 Intravenous urogram (ivu)
- 5.2.6 Whitaker's test
- 5.3 Treatment
- 5.3.2 Megaureter
- 5.3.3 Ureterocele
- 5.3.4 Retrocaval ureter
- 5.3.5 Bilateral hydronephrosis
- 5.4 References
- 6.3 Treatment
- 6.3.1 Asymptomatic bacteriuria
- 6.3.2 Acute uti without pyelonephritis
- 6.3.3 Pyelonephritis
- 6.3.4 Complicated uti
- 6.3.5 Antibiotic prophylaxis
- 6.4 References
- 7.7.1 Secondary reflux
- 7.2 Classification
- 7.3 Diagnosis
- 7.3.1 Secondary reflux
- 7.4 Treatment
- 7.4.1 Conservative therapy
- 7.4.2 Surgical therapy
- 7.4.3 Endoscopic therapy
- 7.4.4 Open surgery
- 7.4.5 Follow-up
- 7.5 References
- 32. McGladdery sl, Aparicio s, Verrier Jones k, Roberts r, Sacks sh.
- 8.2 Diagnosis
- 8.3 Treatment
- 8.3.1 Conservative treatment
- 8.3.2 Metaphylaxis of paediatric nephrolithiasis
- 8.4 References
- 1. Brandle e, Hautmann r.
- 2. Brandle e, Hautmann r.
- 6. Diamond da, Rickwood am, Lee ph, Johnston jh.
- 19. Kovacevic l, Kovacevic s, Smoljanic z, Peco-Antic a, Kostic n, Gajic m, Kovacevic n, Jovanovic o.
- 20. Kroovand rl.
- 24. Minevich e, Rousseau mb, Wacksman j, Lewis ag, Sheldon ca.
- 9.2 Classification
- 9.2.1 Ectopic ureterocele
- 9.2.2 Orthotopic ureterocele
- 9.2.3 Caecoureterocele
- 9.3 Diagnosis
- 9.3.1 Ureterocele
- 9.3.2 Ectopic ureter
- 9.4 Treatment
- 9.4.1 Ureterocele
- 9.4.2 Ectopic ureter
- 10.2 Classification
- VI. Miscellaneous (? Dysgenetic testes ? teratogenic factors)
- 10.3.2 Late diagnosis and management
- 10.4 Treatment
- 10.4.1 Genitoplasty
- 10.4.2 Indications for the removal of gonads
- 10.5 References
- 11.1.4 Video-urodynamic evaluation
- 11.1.5 Urethral pressure profile (sphincterometry)
- 11.1.6 Electromyography (emg) of the external sphincter
- 11.2 References
- 22. Starr nt.
- 23. Wan j, Greenfield s.
- 26. Zermann dh, Lindner h, Huschke t, Schubert j.
- 12 Abbreviations used in the text