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The current hype in hypospadiology. Br J Urol 1995; 76 Suppl 3: 1-7.
16. Fichtner J, Filipas D, Mottrie AM, Voges GE, Hohenfellner R.
Analysis of meatal location in 500 men: wide variation questions need for meatal advancement in all pediatric anterior hypospadias cases. J Urol 1995; 154: 833-834.
17. Fichtner J, Thuroff J.
Leitlinie zur Hypospadie und therapeutische Empfehlungen. Urologe A 1998; 37: 665-666.
18. Fichtner J, Fisch M, Filipas D, Thuroff JW, Hohenfellner R.
Refinements in buccal mucosal grafts urethroplasty for hypospadias repair. World J Urol 1998; 16:192-194.
19. Ghali AMA, El-Malik EMA, Al-Malki T, Ibrahim AH.
One-stage hypospadias repair. Experience with 544 cases. Eur Urol 1999; 36: 436-442.
20. Hayashi Y, Mogami M, Kojima Y, Mogami T, Sasaki S, Azemoto M, Maruyama T, Tatsura H, Tsugaya M, Kohri K.
Results of closure of urethrocutaneous fistulas after hypospadias repair. Int J Urol 1998; 5: 167-169.
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Long-term follow-up of bladder mucosa graft for male urethral reconstruction. J Urol 1994; 151:1056-1058.
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4. INCONTINENCE
4.1 BACKGROUND
As a result of maturation, children usually become continent during the day-time by the second year and at night by the fourth year. In cases of persistent wetting, a distinction has to be made between enuresis and urinary incontinence. Particular attention should be paid to:
Anatomic defects of sphincteric muscle and bladder (e.g. complete epispadias, bladder exstrophy, urogenital sinus, ectopic ureter)
Impaired innervation of bladder and sphincteric muscle (e.g. myelomeningocele)
Functional disturbances of the bladder and sphincteric muscle.
- 1. Phimosis
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Diagnosis
- 1.3 Treatment
- 1.4 References
- 2.2 Diagnosis
- 2.3 Treatment
- V Therapy
- 3.3 Treatment
- 3.3.1 Complications
- Tube-onlay
- 15. Duckett jw.
- 4.2 Classification
- 4.2.1 Enuresis
- 4.2.2 Urinary incontinence
- 4.3 Diagnosis
- 4.4 Treatment
- 4.4.1 Nocturnal enuresis (mono-symptomatic)
- 4.4.2 Diurnal enuresis (in children with attention disorders)
- 4.4.3 Urinary incontinence
- 4.4 References
- 14. Madersbacher h, Schultz-Lampel d.
- 5.2.2 Voiding cystourethrography (vcug)
- 5.2.3 Diuresis renography
- 5.2.4 Static renal scintigraphy
- 5.2.5 Intravenous urogram (ivu)
- 5.2.6 Whitaker's test
- 5.3 Treatment
- 5.3.2 Megaureter
- 5.3.3 Ureterocele
- 5.3.4 Retrocaval ureter
- 5.3.5 Bilateral hydronephrosis
- 5.4 References
- 6.3 Treatment
- 6.3.1 Asymptomatic bacteriuria
- 6.3.2 Acute uti without pyelonephritis
- 6.3.3 Pyelonephritis
- 6.3.4 Complicated uti
- 6.3.5 Antibiotic prophylaxis
- 6.4 References
- 7.7.1 Secondary reflux
- 7.2 Classification
- 7.3 Diagnosis
- 7.3.1 Secondary reflux
- 7.4 Treatment
- 7.4.1 Conservative therapy
- 7.4.2 Surgical therapy
- 7.4.3 Endoscopic therapy
- 7.4.4 Open surgery
- 7.4.5 Follow-up
- 7.5 References
- 32. McGladdery sl, Aparicio s, Verrier Jones k, Roberts r, Sacks sh.
- 8.2 Diagnosis
- 8.3 Treatment
- 8.3.1 Conservative treatment
- 8.3.2 Metaphylaxis of paediatric nephrolithiasis
- 8.4 References
- 1. Brandle e, Hautmann r.
- 2. Brandle e, Hautmann r.
- 6. Diamond da, Rickwood am, Lee ph, Johnston jh.
- 19. Kovacevic l, Kovacevic s, Smoljanic z, Peco-Antic a, Kostic n, Gajic m, Kovacevic n, Jovanovic o.
- 20. Kroovand rl.
- 24. Minevich e, Rousseau mb, Wacksman j, Lewis ag, Sheldon ca.
- 9.2 Classification
- 9.2.1 Ectopic ureterocele
- 9.2.2 Orthotopic ureterocele
- 9.2.3 Caecoureterocele
- 9.3 Diagnosis
- 9.3.1 Ureterocele
- 9.3.2 Ectopic ureter
- 9.4 Treatment
- 9.4.1 Ureterocele
- 9.4.2 Ectopic ureter
- 10.2 Classification
- VI. Miscellaneous (? Dysgenetic testes ? teratogenic factors)
- 10.3.2 Late diagnosis and management
- 10.4 Treatment
- 10.4.1 Genitoplasty
- 10.4.2 Indications for the removal of gonads
- 10.5 References
- 11.1.4 Video-urodynamic evaluation
- 11.1.5 Urethral pressure profile (sphincterometry)
- 11.1.6 Electromyography (emg) of the external sphincter
- 11.2 References
- 22. Starr nt.
- 23. Wan j, Greenfield s.
- 26. Zermann dh, Lindner h, Huschke t, Schubert j.
- 12 Abbreviations used in the text