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2) Modals to express permission

Can, can`t, and be allowed to are used to express permission. Allowed to is passive.

We can`t smoke or chew gum.

We aren’t allowed to buy what we want.

  1. Look at the verbs in bold type in Exercises 2 and 3 in the started activity, then complete the following table.

Verb is used to say that:

  1. An action is necessary (an obligation)

  2. An action is a good idea (advice)

  3. An action is not a good idea (advice not to do something)

  4. A situation is possible

  5. An action is not necessary (there is no obligation)

  6. An action is not possible for you to do (because it is against the rules or for another reason)

Example

Have to

Complete this grammar notes about describing rules:

Must and 1 …… mustn’t and don’t have to 4………..

  • These have similar

meanings. Both refer

to something which is

necessary.

You must switch off your

phone in the board

meeting.

You 2…… switch off your

phone in the board

meeting.

  • Have to is more common

When talking about the

law or company rules.

  • These have different meanings. Mustn`t is used about something which is wrong to do.

You mustn’t smoke in the workshop.

Don’t have to means that something is 3……necessary. You can do it if you want, but there is no rule.

You don’t have to put a stamp on that letter. Postage is free.

  • This is used for an action which is not possible for you (because it is against the rules or for another reason).

We 5……deliver the goods before Friday

3) Making comparisons

You can make comparisons in the following ways:

Prague is cheaper than London.

Rome is more beautiful than London.

London is less dangerous than New York.

Tokyo has more inhabitants than Madrid.

Berlin has more rain than Rome.

Madrid has fewer tourists than Paris.

Paris has less industry than Milan.

Milan has as many people as Barcelona.

Barcelona has as much rain as Rome.

Rome is as beautiful as Prague.

VII. Speaking

Work in pairs and discuss the following question.

Try to think of three advantages and three disadvantages for each.

With your partner, discuss whether the statements (1-5) are usually true of local or national suppliers. Write L for local suppliers, N for for national suppliers or B if you think it is true for both local and national suppliers.

  1. You have to pay higher transport costs.

  2. They give good after-sales service.

  3. You may get a better discount.

  4. You don’t have to wait a long time for delivery.

  5. You business is important to them, so they will give you good service.