методическое пособие

8. Law enforcement

Law enforcement is the collective term for professionals who are dedicated to upholding and enforcing the laws and statutes that are currently in force in a given jurisdiction. There are law enforcement jobs that focus on local settings, while others are focused more on upholding and enforcing national laws. In addition to enforcing laws, the function of legal enforcement also involves managing the punishment process for people who are convicted of crimes, up to and including managing the process of incarceration.

At its core, law enforcement seeks to achieve two goals. First, enforcement professionals seek to prevent the occurrence of a crime that is in some way damaging to another human being or to society as a whole. Second, people employed in some enforcement capacity will seek to ensure suspected criminals are tried in a manner that is in compliance with local laws. Various officials will also assign some form of punishment or imprisonment that is considered equitable for the type of crime committed, while also seeking rehabilitation of criminals when and as possible.

The concept of law enforcement is not new. Since the beginning of recorded time, there have been people appointed to maintain the standards and rules of the tribe or other society. For example, ancient Chinese culture used a system involving prefects or protectors who were assigned by the ruling government. The role of the prefect was to protect the general public, hear the facts regarding alleged criminal activity, and impose fines or other forms of punishment as deemed appropriate.

Today, there are a number of law enforcement jobs found at many different levels. A local police force serves by protecting the rights of citizens living within a specified jurisdiction. Police are empowered to apprehend and arrest people who are suspected of committing acts deemed to be criminal in nature. In many cultures, the administration of the police department works with other law professionals to make sure the suspect is held in custody or at least remains in the general area until he or she can stand trial for the suspected criminal activity.

State and federal law enforcement professionals are also empowered to apprehend suspects where there is sufficient evidence of wrongdoing. Most nations have one or more enforcement agencies that have broad authority to function anywhere within the borders of the nation and any territories the country may possess. Some of the best known national agencies of this type include the FBI in the United States, and Scotland Yard in the United Kingdom.

Law enforcement also includes other professionals who manage some aspect of the containment, punishment, and possible rehabilitation of criminals. Employees of state and federal penal systems are considered to be members of the law enforcement community. In like manner, private detectives are also often viewed as being associated with legal enforcement. Probation officers, district attorneys, and court judges are also enforcement professionals who help to protect the rights of all citizens and seek to minimize the incidence of crime within society.

National Security Priorities

Criminal Priorities

1. Counterterrorism • International Terrorism • Domestic Terrorism • Weapons of Mass Destruction

2. Counterintelligence • Counterespionage • Counterproliferation • Economic Espionage

3. Cyber Crime • Computer Intrusions • Online Predators • Piracy/Intellectual Property Theft • Internet Fraud

4 . Public Corruption • Government Fraud • Election Fraud • Foreign Corrupt Practices

5. Civil Rights • Hate Crime • Human Trafficking • Color of Law • Freedom of Access to Clinics

6. Organized Crime • Italian Mafia/LCN • Eurasian • Balkan • Middle Eastern • Asian • African • Sports Bribery

7. White-Collar Crime • Antitrust • Bankruptcy Fraud • Corporate/Securities Fraud • Health Care Fraud • Identity Theft • Insurance Fraud • Money Laundering • Mortgage Fraud • Telemarketing Fraud • More White-Collar Frauds

8. Major Thefts/Violent Crime • Art Theft • Bank Robbery • Cargo Theft • Crimes Against Children • Cruise Ship Crime • Indian Country Crime • Jewelry and Gems Theft • Retail Theft • Vehicle Theft • Violent Gangs

GLOSSARY:

Counterterrorism	Борьба с терроризмом
Counterintelligence	Контрразведка
Computer intrusions	Вторжение в компьютерные системы
Online predators	Интернет-хищники Интернет-хищники устанавливают контакты с детьми в чатах, при обмене мгновенными сообщениями, по электронной почте или на форумах. Для решения своих проблем многие подростки обращаются за поддержкой на конференции. Злоумышленники часто сами там обитают; они стараются прельстить свою цель вниманием, заботливостью, добротой и даже подарками, нередко затрачивая на эти усилия значительное время, деньги и энергию. Обычно они хорошо осведомлены о музыкальных новинках и современных увлечениях детей. Они выслушивают проблемы подростков и сочувствуют им. Но постепенно злоумышленники вносят в беседы оттенок сексуальности или демонстрируют материалы откровенно эротического содержания, пытаясь ослабить моральные запреты, сдерживающие молодых людей. Некоторые преступники действуют быстрее других и сразу же заводят сексуальные беседы. Такой более прямолинейный подход может включать решительные действия или скрытое преследование жертвы. Преступники могут также рассматривать возможность встречи с детьми в реальной жизни.
Hate crime	Преступление на почве ненависти, нетерпимости
Human trafficking	Работорговля, торговля людьми
Color of law	Видимость наличия законного права, якобы по закону (использование служебного, или какого-либо другого, положения при аресте, обыске, конфискации и т.д.) Color of law Color of law refers to an appearance of legal power to act but which may actually operate in violation of law. For example, though a police officer acts with the color of law authority to arrest someone, if such an arrest is made without probable cause. the arrest may actually be in violation of law. In other words, just because something is done with the 'color of law', that does not mean that the action was actually lawful. When police act outside their lawful authority and violate the civil rights of a citizen, the FBI is tasked with investigating. Under 'color of law', it is a crime for one or more persons using power given to him or her by a governmental agency (local, state or federal) to willfully deprive or conspire to deprive another person of any right protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States. Enforcement of 'color of law' does not require that any racial, religious, or other discriminatory motive existed. Criminal acts under color of law include acts within and beyond the bounds or limits of lawful authority. Color of law may include forced vaccinations for school-aged children under threat of expulsion or placing the child's parents under arrest where no law exists to do so. Color of law may include public officials and non-governmental employees who are not law enforcement officers such as judges, prosecutors, and private security guards. Furthermore, in many states it is unlawful to falsely impersonate a police officer, a federal officer or employee, or any other public official or to use equipment used by law enforcement officers, such as flashing lights or a fake police badge. "Possession of a firearm also can enhance the penalty for false impersonation of a police officer." Color of office Color of office refers to an act usually committed by a public official under the appearance of authority, but which exceeds such authority. Color of title In property law (в имущественном праве), color of title refers to a claim to title (притязание на право собственности) which appears valid, but may be legally defective. Color of title may arise when there is evidence, suggesting valid legal title. The courts have ruled that deeds are mere color of title; the actual title to land is secured with an irrefutable instrument like a land patent, then when that land is subsequently conveyed to another owner by a deed, the deed colors the title to show the new owner. Thus, the chain of title from the land patent to the present may include many deeds, the actual title remains with the land patent and lawful deeds show the chain of title to the present landowner. Because the ownership in land is a very specific thing requiring precise and proper transfers of ownership, in times past, people always required a certified abstract be provided with a deed to insure the deed was not merely a color of title fiction. Today, title companies offer 'title insurance' to secure such documents. Still, only a proper and lawful title, like the land patent, provides actual title to land; and, only a proper and lawful chain of title (deeds, etc.) from such a patent to the present can secure land rights to the landowner.
LCN	ФБР: La cosa nostra
White-collar crime	Должностные преступления, экономические преступления, преступления в сфере работников умственного труда
Antitrust	Антимонопольные дела
Identity theft	Хищение персональных данных (номера счета, пин-кода, кредитной карты и т.д.)
Money laundering	Отмывание денег

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